In Mechanical Engineering Welding is one of the most important Metal joining process. As we know that in Casting we some defects are always there and similarly in welding defects are there. welding defects is very common problem but need to solve it because it lead to failure to the material. In this article we will Identifying common welding defects or types of welding defects and welding defects remedies
Preventing and fixing problems with your welds
If I could wave my magic filler rod and make it so that all your welds would be strong, clean, and sharp-looking, I’d certainly do it. But the last time I went to the welding supply shop and asked to buy a magic filler rod, they looked at me like I was nuts, so for now you just have to live with the fact that some of your welds will be imperfect. Don’t worry about it too much; after all, no welder is perfect, and welding can be a tricky endeavor. What I can do is fill you in on some of the most common weld flaws so that when they show up, you realize that you’re dealing with the same kinds of challenges that hundreds of thousands of welders have cursed and spat about since the first guy figured out how to strike an arc. These are the kinds of defects that you’re likely to notice only after you’ve finished a weld (either a single pass or a complete weld, depending on the defect). Most are pretty easy to detect, and — thankfully — relatively easy to adjust for and prevent. To help prevent welding defects before they happen, be sure your welding materials are clean and in good shape before you start a project. The metal you’re planning to weld should be free of any material that may contaminate the weld. Remove any grease, paint, or oil from the metal. You should also
put the pieces to be welded in place to make sure they fit together and line up properly.
WELDING DEFECTS: CAUSES AND REMEDIES
| Arc Strike Cracking | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Improper welding technique | Use proper welding technique |
| Rapidly Cooling of welding area | Proper Cooling of welding area |
| Cold Cracking | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| high thermal severity | Preheat as per Welding Procedure Specification |
| Hydrogen in the weld metal | Welding consumables must be hydrogen controlled |
| Presence of impurities | Remove impurities |
| Weld of insufficient sectional area | Proper weld of sufficient sectional area |
| High welding speeds and low current density | As per requirement Use of welding speeds and current density |
| Crater Cracking | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Unfilled Crater | Filler crater with proper technique |
| Crater crack in sub-merged arc welding | Utilize run out tab |
| Hot Cracking | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| high welding current | Medium welding current |
| poor joint design that does not diffuse heat | Proper weld joint design |
| impurities (such as sulphur and phosphorus) | Remove impurities |
| Preheating | Don’t Preheating |
| speed fast & long arcs | Speed medium & medium arcs |
| Base metal contamination | Avoid contamination of base metal |
| Hat Cracking | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Not enough speed | Increase welding speed |
| Much voltage | Proper voltage |
| Under Bead Crack | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| More presence of Hydrogen | Reduce presence of Hydrogen |
| Unequal contraction of base metal & weld metal | Equal contraction of base metal & weld metal |
| Longitudinal Crack | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Rapid cooling of weld | Use Proper or matched electrode |
| Improper joint preparation | Reduce Rigidity of weldment |
| High restraint of joint | Use higher ductile welding filler metal |
| Use Preheat or Reduce cooling rate | |
| Reheat Crack | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Less cooling rate | Increase cooling rate |
| Improper Preheating | Proper Preheating |
| Porosity | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Improper coating on the electrode. | Use low hydrogen welding process |
| Improper Preheating | Use preheat |
| Longer arcs | Increase heat input |
| Too low and too high arc currents | Clean joint surfaces and |
| Faster arc travel speeds | Reduce arc travel speeds |
| Incorrect welding technique | Use proper welding technique |
| Unclean job surface | Adjacent surfaces |
| Improper base metal composition | Reducing excessive moisture |
| Distortion | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Excessive layers & faulty joint preparation | Tack weld parts with allowance for distortion |
| Improper bead sequence | Use proper bead sequence |
| Improper set-up and fixture | Tack or clamp parts securely |
| Excessive weld size | Make weld of specify size |
| Over-heating of base metal (thin plate) | |
| Gas Inclusion | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| high sulphur content in the work piece or electrode | Reduce sulphur content |
| excessive moisture from the electrode or workpiece | Avoid moisture |
| too short of an arc | Use proper welding current or polarity |
| wrong welding current or polarity | |
| Slag Inclusion | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Improper cleaning | Proper cleaning |
| Presence of grease & dirt | Avoid grease & dirt |
| Incomplete slag removal from previous bead | Complete remove slag from previous bead |
| Gap & Improper preparation of groove | Avoid more Gap |
| Lack of Fusion | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Improper manipulation of welding electrode | Minimum heat input to be maintained |
| Weld joint design. | Avoid molten pool flooding the arc |
| Improper heat input | Proper cleaning of oxides slag |
| Surface contamination which leads slag formation prevents fusion | Correct Electrode angle
|
| Lack of Penetration | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Improper joint ( U joint give better than J butt joint ) | Use proper joint geometry |
| Less welding current | Follow current WPS ( welding procedure specification ) |
| Root gap too small | Use small electrode in root |
| Too large root face | Increase root opening |
| Faster arc travel speed | Reduce arc travel speed |
| Large electrode diameter | Medium electrode diameter |
| Misalignment | Proper alignment |
| Lamellar Tearing | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Poor ductility of weld metal | Use the base metal which has higher ductility |
| High Sulphur content of the base metal | Low sulphur & Low inclusions in base metal |
| Hydrogen in the weld | Use low hydrogen in welding |
| Tensile stresses in thickness direction | Decrease the stress by Modification |
| Under Cut | |
| Causes | Remedies |
| Excessive welding current | Use the right adequate welding current |
| Wrong electrode angle | Proper electrode angle |
| Excessive side manipulation | |
Welding Defects #1: Incomplete Penetration
Incomplete penetration happens when your filler metal and base metal aren’t joined properly, and the result is a gap or a crack of some sort. Check out the Figure below for an example of incomplete penetration.
Welds that suffer from incomplete penetration are weak at best, and they’ll likely fail if you apply much force to them. (Put simply, welds with incomplete penetration are basically useless.)
Here’s a list of the most common causes of incomplete penetration welding defects.
Here’s a list of the most common causes of incomplete penetration welding defects.
The groove you’re welding is too narrow, and the filler metal doesn’t
reach the bottom of the joint.
reach the bottom of the joint.
✓ You’ve left too much space between the pieces you’re welding, so they
don’t melt together on the first pass.
✓ You’re welding a joint with a V-shaped groove and the angle of the
groove is too small (less than 60 to 70 degrees), such that you can’t
manipulate your electrode at the bottom of the joint to complete
the weld.
✓ Your electrode is too large for the metals you’re welding.
✓ Your speed of travel(how quickly you move the bead) is too fast, so
not enough metal is deposited in the joint.
✓ Your welding amperage is too low.If you don’t have enough electricity
going to the electrode, the current won’t be strong enough to melt the
metal properly
don’t melt together on the first pass.
✓ You’re welding a joint with a V-shaped groove and the angle of the
groove is too small (less than 60 to 70 degrees), such that you can’t
manipulate your electrode at the bottom of the joint to complete
the weld.
✓ Your electrode is too large for the metals you’re welding.
✓ Your speed of travel(how quickly you move the bead) is too fast, so
not enough metal is deposited in the joint.
✓ Your welding amperage is too low.If you don’t have enough electricity
going to the electrode, the current won’t be strong enough to melt the
metal properly
Welding Defects #2: Incomplete Fusion
Incomplete fusion occurs when individual weld beads don’t fuse together, or when the weld beads don’t fuse properly to the base metal you’re welding, such as in below.
The most common type of incomplete fusion is called overlap and usually occurs at the toe(on the very top or very bottom of the side) of a weld. One of the top causes is an incorrect weld angle, which means you’re probably holding the electrode and/or your filler rods at the wrong angle while you’re making a weld; if you think that’s the case, tweak the angle a little at a time until your overlap problem disappears.
Here are a few more usual suspects when it comes to incomplete fusion
causes.
causes.
✓ Your electrode is too small for the thickness of the metal you’re welding.
✓ You’re using the wrong electrode for the material that you’re welding.
✓ Your speed of travel is too fast.
✓ Your arc length is too short.
✓ Your welding amperage is set too low.
If you think your incomplete fusion may be because of a low welding amperage, crank up the machine! But be careful: You really need only
enough amperage to melt the base metal and ensure a good weld.
Anything more is unnecessary and can be dangerous.
✓ Contaminants or impurities on the surface of the parent metal(the metal
you’re welding) prevent the molten metal (from the filler rod or elsewhere
on the parent metal) from fusing.
✓ You’re using the wrong electrode for the material that you’re welding.
✓ Your speed of travel is too fast.
✓ Your arc length is too short.
✓ Your welding amperage is set too low.
If you think your incomplete fusion may be because of a low welding amperage, crank up the machine! But be careful: You really need only
enough amperage to melt the base metal and ensure a good weld.
Anything more is unnecessary and can be dangerous.
✓ Contaminants or impurities on the surface of the parent metal(the metal
you’re welding) prevent the molten metal (from the filler rod or elsewhere
on the parent metal) from fusing.
Welding Defects #3: Undercutting
Undercutting is an extremely common welding defect. It happens when your base metal is burned away at one of the toes of a weld. To see what I mean, look at Figure.
When you weld more than one pass on a joint, undercutting can occur between the passes because the molten weld is already hot and takes less heat to fill, yet you’re using the same heat as if it were cold. It’s actually a very serious defect that can ruin the quality of a weld, especially when more than 1⁄32 inch is burned away. If you do a pass and notice some undercutting, you must remove it before you make your next pass or you risk trapping slag (waste material — see the following section) into the welded joint (which is bad news). The only good thing about undercutting is that it’s extremely easy to spot after you know what you’re looking for.
Here are a few common causes of undercutting:
✓ Your electrode is too large for the base metal you’re welding.
✓ Your arc is too long.
✓ You have your amperage set too high.
✓ You’re moving your electrode around too much while you’re welding.
Weaving your electrode back and forth is okay and even beneficial, but if
you do it too much, you’re buying a one-way ticket to Undercutting City
(which is of course the county seat for Lousy Weld County).
✓ Your electrode is too large for the base metal you’re welding.
✓ Your arc is too long.
✓ You have your amperage set too high.
✓ You’re moving your electrode around too much while you’re welding.
Weaving your electrode back and forth is okay and even beneficial, but if
you do it too much, you’re buying a one-way ticket to Undercutting City
(which is of course the county seat for Lousy Weld County).
Welding Defects #4: Slag Inclusions
A little bit of slag goes a long way . . . toward ruining an otherwise quality weld. Slagis the waste material created when you’re welding, and bits of this solid material can become incorporated (accidentally) into your weld, as in Figure . Bits of flux, rust, and even tungsten can be counted as slag and can cause contamination in your welds.
Common causes of slag inclusions include
✓ Flux from the stick welding electrode that comes off and ends up in the
weld
✓ Failure to clean a welding pass before applying the next pass
Be sure to clean your welds before you go back in and apply a second weld bead.
✓ Slag running ahead of your weld puddle when you’re welding a V-shaped
groove that’s too tight
✓ Incorrect welding angle
✓ Welding amperage that’s too low
weld
✓ Failure to clean a welding pass before applying the next pass
Be sure to clean your welds before you go back in and apply a second weld bead.
✓ Slag running ahead of your weld puddle when you’re welding a V-shaped
groove that’s too tight
✓ Incorrect welding angle
✓ Welding amperage that’s too low
Welding Defects #5 Flux Inclusions
If you’re soldering or brazing (also called braze welding), flux inclusions can be a real problem. If you use too much flux in an effort to “float out” impurities from your weld, you may very well end up with flux inclusions like those in Figure . (Head to Chapter 13 for more on brazing and soldering.)
If you’re working on a multilayer braze weld, flux inclusion can occur when you fail to remove the slag or glass on the surface of the braze before you apply the next layer. When you’re soldering, flux inclusion can be a problem if you’re not using enough heat. These inclusions are usually closely spaced, and they can cause a soldered joint to leak. If you want to avoid flux inclusions (and believe me, you do), make sure you do the following:
✓ Clean your weld joints properly after each pass.This task is especially
important when you’re brazing.
✓ Don’t go overboard with your use of flux.
✓ Make sure you’re using enough heat to melt the filler or flux material.
✓ Clean your weld joints properly after each pass.This task is especially
important when you’re brazing.
✓ Don’t go overboard with your use of flux.
✓ Make sure you’re using enough heat to melt the filler or flux material.
Welding Defects #6: Porosity
If you read very much of this book, you quickly figure out that porosity(tiny holes in the weld) can be a serious problem in your welds (especially stick or mig welds). Your molten puddle releases gases like hydrogen and carbon dioxide as the puddle cools; if the little pockets of gas don’t reach the surface before the metal solidifies, they become incorporated in the weld, and nothing can weaken a weld joint quite like gas pockets. Take a gander at Figure for an example of porosity.
Following are a few simple steps you can take to reduce porosity in your
welds:
✓ Make sure all your materials are clean before you begin welding.
✓ Work on proper manipulation of your electrode.
✓ Try using low-hydrogen electrodes.
welds:
✓ Make sure all your materials are clean before you begin welding.
✓ Work on proper manipulation of your electrode.
✓ Try using low-hydrogen electrodes.
Welding Defects #7: Cracks
Cracks can occur just about everywhere in a weld: in the weld metal, the plate next to the weld metal, or in any other piece affected by the intense heat of welding. Check out the example of cracking in Figure.
Here are the three major types of cracks, what causes them, and how you can prevent them.
✓ Hot cracks:
This type of crack occurs during welding or shortly after you’ve deposited a weld, and its cause is simple: The metal gets hot too
quickly or cools down too quickly. If you’re having problems with hot cracking, try preheating your material. You can also postheat your material, which means that you apply a little heat here and there after you’ve finished welding in an effort to let the metal cool down more
gradually.
quickly or cools down too quickly. If you’re having problems with hot cracking, try preheating your material. You can also postheat your material, which means that you apply a little heat here and there after you’ve finished welding in an effort to let the metal cool down more
gradually.
✓ Cold cracks:
This type of crack happens well after a weld is completed and the metal has cooled off. (It can even happen days or weeks after a
weld.) It generally happens only in steel, and it’s caused by deformities in the structure of the steel. You can guard against cold cracking by
increasing the thickness of your first welding pass when starting a new weld. Making sure you’re manipulating your electrode properly, as well as pre- and postheating your metal, can also help thwart cold cracking.
weld.) It generally happens only in steel, and it’s caused by deformities in the structure of the steel. You can guard against cold cracking by
increasing the thickness of your first welding pass when starting a new weld. Making sure you’re manipulating your electrode properly, as well as pre- and postheating your metal, can also help thwart cold cracking.
✓ Crater cracks:
These little devils usually occur at the ending point of a weld, when you’ve stopped welding before using up the rest of an
electrode. The really annoying part about crater cracks is that they can cause other cracks, and the cracking can just kind of snowball from
there. You can control the problem by making sure you’re using the appropriate amount of amperage and heat for each project, slowing your
speed of travel, and pre- and postheating.
electrode. The really annoying part about crater cracks is that they can cause other cracks, and the cracking can just kind of snowball from
there. You can control the problem by making sure you’re using the appropriate amount of amperage and heat for each project, slowing your
speed of travel, and pre- and postheating.
Welding Defects #9: Warpage
If you don’t properly control the expansion and contraction of the metals you work with, warpage(an unwanted distortion in a piece of metal’s shape) can be the ugly result. Check out an example in Figure.
If you weld a piece of metal over and over, the chances of it warping are much higher. You can also cause a piece of metal to warp if you clamp the joints too tightly. (If you allow the pieces of metal that make the joint to move a little, there’s less stress on them.)
Say you’re welding a Tjoint. The vertical part of the Tsometimes pulls itself toward the weld joint. To account for that movement, simply tilt the vertical part out a little before you weld, so that when it tries to pull toward the weld joint, it pulls itself into a nice 90-degree angle!
The more heat you use, the more likely you are to end up with warpage, so be sure to use only the amount of heat you need. Don’t overdo it. Opting for a slower speed of travel while welding can also help to cut down on warpage.
Say you’re welding a Tjoint. The vertical part of the Tsometimes pulls itself toward the weld joint. To account for that movement, simply tilt the vertical part out a little before you weld, so that when it tries to pull toward the weld joint, it pulls itself into a nice 90-degree angle!
The more heat you use, the more likely you are to end up with warpage, so be sure to use only the amount of heat you need. Don’t overdo it. Opting for a slower speed of travel while welding can also help to cut down on warpage.
Welding Defects #10: Spatter
Spatter(small particles of metal that attach themselves to the surface of the material you’re working on.) is a fact of life with most kinds of welding; no matter how hard you try, you’ll never be able to cut it out completely. You can see it in all its glory in Figure 11-5 in Chapter 11.
You can keep spatter to a minimum by spraying with an anti-spatter compound (available at your welding supply store) or by scraping the spatter off the parent metal surface.
You can keep spatter to a minimum by spraying with an anti-spatter compound (available at your welding supply store) or by scraping the spatter off the parent metal surface.